Gradually the centre of garden activities shifted from Kyoto to Edo (Tokyo), and later a new possibility was shown in the garden art by Matsudaira Sadanobu and Tokugawa-Nariaki, two feudal lords [samurai], who tolerated the utilisation of natural scenes in a garden and who created public parks in their dominions, the former at Shirakawa and the latter at Mito. The utilitarian phase of the garden was developed as a feature of this period. The duck-pond in Hama detached palace in Tokyo, and the cultivation in Kairaku-yen at Mito of reeds for arrow-shafts and plums for military provision may be mentioned in this connection.
