Plant ties

1977. Ties are various; the most general are the ligular threads of bast mats; for espaliers some use withs, or tarred cords or threads: on the Continent, rushes (Juncus effusus) cut green and dried in the sun are used; and often wheat straw. When mat, bark, rush, willow, or other spray or shoots, or straw, are used, they should be previously soaked a short time in water.