Chapter 2. Landscape plans
2.1 A lighthouse distributes a public good which costs money, which is not depleted by over-use and for which no charge is made.
2.2 Each species has a niche in the habitat and depends on resources provided by other species.
2.3 Old churches often have a niche in a settlement, from which they radiate public goods .
2.4 Some modern buildings, like the Sydney Opera House, radiate public goods. It is loved my millions of people who do not love opera (Courtesy of Australian Tourist Commission). .
2.5 "No sensitive person can enter a forest without feeling that here is the supreme development of nature on land".
2.6 Big factories make bad neighbours. They are the classic source of negative side-effects
2.7 The external effects of a land use can be sub-categorised as environmental impacts, landscape impacts and visual impacts [effects]
2.8 The environment has both a wicked stepmother (above) and a fairy godmother (below) [posneg1].
2.9 The environmental public goods can be categorised. [object]
2.10 In many towns, parks function as windows through which one can glimpse the underlying topography. [Topog1]
2.11 Reading could become a dramatic Water City with an intermixture of land and lakes. [Reading3]
2.12 Surface water management policies should relate the pattern of development to underground drainage conditions. These policies can be shown on Venn Diagrams, Cross Sections, Maps and Tables. [Hydrol2] & [Hydmap]
2.13 Habitat plans should indicate the presence of existing habitats and the potential for new habitat creation. [Habit1]
2.14 In Stuttgart, air is encouraged to flow from cool hill-top areas, shown dark, down into the town. Stuttgart suffers from temperature inversions and becomes very hot in summer. [Stuttgar]
2.15 Cities should be much more richly vegetated, to improve the urban micro-climate and store water. These examples from Kassel show how a road, a wall and a lighting column can be vegetated.
2.16 Building projects should respond to surrounding archetypes and make provision for subsidiary archetypes. [arche1]
2.17 Special areas should be defined for policy purposes:
A. Pantile and whitewash zone. B. Zone of restricted building height (15m). C. Sandstone building zone. Greenway development zone. [special1]
2.18 Sustainable cities have low inputs and low outputs. [Sustarr]
2.19 Self-powered travel in urban areas can be dangerous and unpleasant.
2.20 Destinations should become hubs for footpaths and cyclepath networks. [Nodes2]
2.21 Safe cycle storage is required at stations, bus stops and other transport interchanges.
2.22 Photographs attract us to travel (Chamonix c1920) .
2.23 Landscape units are bound to overlap [View1].
2.24 Scenic management requires inventories, evaluations and policies. [Scenic2]
2.25 There is a fundamental difference between perceiving the space and perceiving the elements which contain the space. [Space1]
2.26 Space can be designed in cross-section (a), at ground level (b) at eye level (c), or from birdseye level (d). [plans2]
2.27 The grand avenue in Paris is one of the world's leading examples of an urban space plan. It has, already, guided urbanisation for three centuries. [Paris3]
2.28 Image maps show the paths, edges, nodes, districts and landmarks. [Greenwi]
2.29 The urban island in London's docklands, was built between 1985 (left) and 1995 (right). Tall buildings look better when they are grouped together.
2.30 At street level, the Docklands skyline is chaotic. But compare this with Fig 3.19
2.31 Abercrombie was interested in urban cross-sections.
2.32 Skylines can be planned and mapped, using elevations (above) and roofscape contours (below). [skyline]
