Chapter 4: Weather and Climate

• Rain vapour
• The causes of rain
• The quantity of rainfall
• The mean monthly and annual quantities of rain
• Summer and winter rain
• Chemical and physical properties of air
• Components of the atmosphere
• Atmospheric water
• Quantity of water vapour
• Water absorption by leaves
• Analysis of the atmosphere
• Carbonic gas in the atmosphere
• Carbonic gas and plant nutrition
• The formation of carbonic acid gas
• Oxygen and azote, or nitrogen
• Oxygen and vegetable growth
• Nitrogen and plant growth
• The action of the atmosphere on plant organs
• Time changes in the atmosphere
• The the weight of the atmosphere
• The variations of the barometer
• The range of the barometer
• The higher barometer ranges
• Variations in the temperature of the air
• Sea temperatures
• Eastern North America meteorological tables
• Continental climates
• The ascent and descent of water
• Heated water vapour
• A cloud is a mass of vapour
• Cirrus, Cumulus and Stratus clouds
• Cirro-cumuli and Cirrostrata clouds
• Cumulo-stratus, Cumulo-cirro-stratus, or Nimbus, and Fall Clouds
• Cirrus cloud density
• Cumulus cloud density
• Stratus cloud density
• Transition cloud forms
• Uses of clouds
• Dew moisture
• Aristotle on the cause of dew
• Frost derives from the atmosphere
• The history of frosts
• Hail is frozen rain
• Snow is frozen vapour
• Uses of snow
• Ice is solid water
• Extent of northern ice sheet
• Wind is agitation of the air
• Wind near Glasgow
• Wind in Ireland
• Wind speed degrees of motion
• Causes of wind
• Effects of sun and moon
• Land and sea breezes
• Variation in winds
• Other descriptions of winds
• Thunder and lightening
• Thunder
• The sound of thunder
• The explosion of thunder
• The season of thunder
• Thunderbolts
• Thunder-clouds
• Lightning and electricity
• Lightning is an electrical explosion
• Safety from thunder and lightening
• The study of atmospherical changes
• A variable climate
• Natural data for the study of climate
• The influence of the moon on the weather
• The ten situations in the moon orbit
• The new moon
• The moon in relation to good and bad weather
• The octants
• The barometer, hygrometer, rain-gauge and thermometer
• Uses of barometers
• The rising of the mercury
• Barometer and weather forecasting
• Concavity of mercury surface
• Barometer in spring
• The hygrometer
• A sponge hygrometer
• Oil of vitriol
• Steelyard hygrometer
• Line and plummet
• The hair hygrometer of De Saussure
• Professor Daniell perfect hygrometer
• The rain-gauge, pluviometer or hyetometer
• A hollow cylinder rain-gauge
• A copper funnel rain-gauge
• Access to rain guages
• Pluviometers at different places
• Thermometers
• The scales of Fahrenheit and Reaumur thermometers
• The study of the weather from precedent
• The probabilities of particular seasons
• Wet and dry springs, summers and autumns
• Wet seasons
• January is the coldest month
• The climate of the British isles
• The British climate
• The deterioration of the British climate

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